英语语法专题117:定语从句的引导词,很常见的知识点!
的有关信息介绍如下:本次 英语语法专题 我们学习“定语从句的引导词”,具体内容如下:
定语从句可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语等来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任。担任定语功能的句子称为定语从句。定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词,故又称为形容词词性从句。
定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词;定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导,关系词不仅在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作从句中的一个成分。
例句:Do you know the girl who is dancing on the stage ?
你认识在舞台跳舞的那个姑娘吗?
(the girl为先行词,who为关系代词,引导定语从句修饰the girl)
例句:This is the museum which was built last year.
这就是去年建的博物馆。
(the museum为先行词,which为关系代词,引导定语从句修饰the museum)
例句:I'll forever cherish the days when I studied in the college.
我将永远珍惜我在大学学习的日子。
(the days为先行词,when为关系副词,引导定语从句修饰the days)
引导定语从句的关系代词有that、who、whom、whose、which等;关系副词有when、where、why。具体如下表所示:
一、关系代词的用法
关系代词指代的是先行词,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。作宾语时,口语中常省略;如果关系代词作介词的宾语且介词在关系代词的前面时,关系代词不能省略。
1)who、whom的用法
二者都用于指人。Who在定语从句中作主语、宾语,whom在定语从句中作宾语。Who用于代替“表示人的意义”的先行词,并且在从句中作主语;在现代英语里,whom可以用who代替。
例句:He is the man who picked up my purse yesterday.
他就是昨天那个捡到我钱包的那个男子。
例句:The man whom you saw just now is our manager.
你刚才看到的那个人时我们的经理。
例句:I happened to meet the scientist ( who / whom ) I got to know at a conference in the shopping center yesterday.
昨天在购物中心,我碰巧遇见了在某次会议上认识的科学家。
注意!在从句中作介词的宾语,且直接跟在介词后面的关系代词,只能用whom,不能与who通用。
例句:Yesterday I came across a few friends with whom I went to the supermarket.
句中的关系代词whom代替a few friends,在句中作介词with的宾语,而且介词with在关系代词的前面,所以只能用whom。
2)whose的用法
Whose一般指人,但有时也指物,在定语从句中作定语。
例句:A child whose parents are dead is called orphan.
失去双亲的孩子叫孤儿。
例句:Do you know the girl whose French is excellent ?
你认识法语非常好的那个姑娘吗?
例句:Please pass me the book whose cover is green.
请递给我那本绿皮的书。
(=Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.)
3)which的用法
Which一般指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语,也可作定语。Which指人时往往指婴儿或人的品质,也可以用来引导修饰整个主句的定语从句。
例句:The train which has just left is for Xi'an.
刚开走的火车是驶往西安的。
例句:This is the book (which) you need for the exam.
这是你考试所需要的书。
例句:I'm now applying to graduate school,which means someday I'll return to a profession where people need to be nice to me in order to get what they want.
现在我正在申请攻读研究生,这就意味着将来有一天我会重新找到一份工作,一份人们为了得到他们想要的东西而对我非常友好的工作。
4)that的用法
That用于指人或物,指人时可与who、whom互换,指物时可与which互换。在从句中可作主语或宾语,还可作表语。作介词宾语时,介词不能放在that之前,此时用which或whom等其他词替代。
例句:Currently,the only vehicles that can take you into space are the space shuttle and the Russian Soyuz,both of which are terribly inefficient.
目前能够把人带到太空的交通工具只有航天飞机和俄罗斯的联盟号,但是两者的效率都是非常低的。
例句:Make no mistake about it,going to space will be the most expensive vacation that you ever take.
太空旅行绝对是你度过的最昂贵的假期。
例句:The sick man ( that/who/whom ) Mary is looking after is her father.
玛丽正在照顾的病人是她的父亲。
例句:Views that/which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept.
那些全新的或是来自国外的观点也可能很难被接受。
例句:Can you lend me the novel ( which/that ) you talked about the other day ?
你可以把你几天前说的那本小说借给我吗?
5)as的用法
As引导定语从句主要用于两种结构,一种是用于as we all know之类的句型中,一种是用于such...as...、the same...as...等固定结构中。
①as用于as we all know等句式中
As引导这些句子可以看做定语从句,as在这些定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。
例句:He is a great hero,as is described in the report.
正如报道中描述的那样,他是一个伟大的英雄。
(as在定语从句中作主语)
例句:Jim works hard and is willing to help others,as we all know.
我们都知道,汤姆工作努力又乐于助人。
(as在定语从句中作know的定语)
例句:The boy has made much progress,as we had expected.
正如我们预料的一样,这个男孩已经取得了很大的进步。
(as在定语从句中作expected的宾语)
例句:Things are not the same as they used to be.
事情变得和以前不一样了。
(as在定语从句中作表语)
注意!As在此类定语中含有“正如”的意思,这类定语从句也可放在句首、句中,放于句首时,更像是状语从句。
例句:As we all know,she can speak three foreign languages.
=She can speak three foreign languages,as we all know.
=She,as we all know,can speak three foreign languages.
正如我们都知道的那样,她会说三门外语。
②用于such...as...等句式中
As引导定语从句常出现于such...as...,the same...as...,as...as...,so...as...中。As引导的定语从句常用省略形式。在从句中既可指人、物,也可指整个句子。
例句:You can take as many candies as you want.
你想要多少糖果就拿多少。
(第二个as在定语从句中作want的宾语)
例句:We haven't so much food as you need.
我们没有你需要的那么多食物了。
(as在定语从句中作need的宾语)
例句:Jeffrey is not such a diligent student as you think.
杰弗里不是你认为的那么勤奋的学生。
(as在定语从句中作think的宾语)
例句:Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected.
那些对世界做出巨大贡献的人应受到极大的尊重。
注意!Such...that...引导结果状语从句,that在从句中不作任何成分,口语中可以省略。
例句:Television has such great influence (that) it can make a person famous overnight.
电视有如此大的影响力,它可以让人一夜成名。
(that在句中不作成分)
二、关系副词的用法
关系副词主要有when、where、why、that等,在定语从句中主要作状语。关系副词在定语从句中一般不可省略。
1)when的用法
When指时间,在从句中作时间状语。它的先行词通常为time、day、morning、night、week、year等。有时when也可和部分介词一起引导定语从句。
例句:We are not about to go back to the days when Congress openly worried about inferior races polluting America's bloodstream.
在过去,国会曾公开表示,他们担忧劣等种族可能会污染美国的血统。我们并不主张回到那个时代。
例句:The next breakthrough came in 2000,when Google figured out how to make money with its invention.
接下来的突破出现在2000年,谷歌公司想出了一个主意,即利用它的发明来赚钱。
例句:She went to study abroad two years ago,since when I haven't heard from her.
她两年前出国留学了,从那以后我没有收到她的来信。
2)where的用法
Where指地点,在从句中作地点状语。她的先行词通常为place、spot、street、house、room、city、town、country等表示地点的名词。
例句:This year our third stop was the amusement park,where he discovered that he was tall enough to ride one of the fastest roller coasters in the world.
今年我们的第三站是游乐场,在那里,他发现自己长得已经很高了,能够坐到世界上最快的过山车上了。
例句:North of the border,where price controls reign,those same brand-name drugs cost 50% to 80%。
在边境以北的地区,价格受到严格控制,同样品牌的药品价格要便宜50%到80%。
例句:Great changes have taken place since then in the mountain village where I lived ten years ago.
我十年前生活的小山村已经发生了巨大的变化。
3)who的用法
Why指原因或理由,它的先行词只有reason,在定语从句中作原因状语。Why可以省略。
例句:Is this the reason why she refused to offer help ?
这就是她拒绝提供帮助的理由吗?
例句:I have come around to explain the reason why I was absent from the meeting.
我来是为了向你解释我当时缺席会议的原因的。
That可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词之后,取代when、where、why和“介词+which”引导定语从句,修饰的先行词常为the way、the time、the day、the place、the places等,在口语中that常被省略。
例句:The way (that/in which) one behaves says what type of person he is.
一个人的行为举止能说明他是一个什么样的人。
例句:It took us two hours to find a small river with clean water (that/where/in which) we could see fish swimming.
我们花了两个小时的时间找到一条清澈的可以看到游鱼的小河。
例句:The reason (that/why) he lost his life was ignorance of the doctor.
他死于医生的无知。
以上就是 “定语从句的引导词”的内容,咱们一定要结合例句学习句法和语法,这样更容易理解和实操英语!
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